Filipino people

Filipino people

1st row: Corazón Aquino · Emilio Aguinaldo · Ignacia del Espíritu Santo · Manny Pacquiao 2nd row: José Calugas · Andrés Bonifacio · Sarah Geronimo · Mutya Buena 3rd row: Michelle Maglalang · Paulino Alcántara · Juan Luna · Imelda Marcos 4th row: Ferdinand Marcos · Karla Henry · Fernando María Guerrero · Charlene Gonzales 5th row: Manuel Tinio · Carlos Loyzaga · Benigno Aquino III · Jeanne Harn 6th row: Manuel L. Quezon · Vina Morales · José Rizal · Charice Pempengco
Total population
103,000,000[1]
Regions with significant populations
Philippines 92,000,000 [2]  United States 3,053,179[3]  Saudi Arabia 1,066,401[4]  Malaysia 636,544[5]  United Arab Emirates 529,114[4]  Canada 410,695[6]  Japan 210,617[7]  United Kingdom 203,035[4]  Qatar 195,558[4]  Kuwait 139,802[4]  Hong Kong 130,810[8]  Australia 129,400[9]  Italy 120,192[4]  South Korea 63,464[10]  Spain 40,000[11]  New Zealand 16,938[12]  Nigeria 16,000[13]  Norway 12,262[14]  Netherlands 12,000[15]  Pakistan 3,000[16]
Languages
Philippine languages, English; Spanish, Arabic and other languages.
Religion
Christianity (predominantly Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism), Islam, Buddhism, Traditional and folk religions and other religion.
Related ethnic groups
other Southeast Asians and Austronesian-speaking people.

The Filipino people are the citizens of the Republic of the Philippines. The term is also often used to refer to a person having Filipino ancestry. There are about 92 million Filipinos in the Philippines^[17] and about 11 million living outside the Philippines.^[18] Most Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as "Pinoy" (feminine: "Pinay"), which is a slang word formed by taking the last four letters of "Pilipino" and adding the diminutive suffix "-y". The pre-1987 Philippine alphabet (Abakada)'s lack of the letter "F" had caused the letter "F" to be substituted with "P". This is why, when the 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet was made official in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino.

History

Pre - European:

The earliest human remains found in the Philippines are the fossilized fragments of a skull and jawbone, discovered in the 1960s by Dr. Robert B. Fox, a North American anthropologist of the National Museum.^[19] Anthropologists who have examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene homo erectus species. The Tabon man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago.^[20] Researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Mongoloid is the term which anthropologists applied to the ethnic group which migrated to Southeast Asia during the Holocene period and evolved into the Austronesian people (associated with the Haplogroup O1 (Y-DNA) genetic marker), a group of Malayo-Polynesian-speaking people including those from Indonesia, the Philippines, Malaysia, Malagasy, parts of Vietnam as well as the non-Han Chinese Taiwanese Aboriginals.^[21] anthropologist F. Landa Jocano of the University of the Philippines, in 2001 postulates that the present indigenous Filipinos are products of the long process of evolution and movement of people.^[22]

Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected to the Malay archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and the Philippines. This may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP.^[23]

A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D. Gray at UCLA published in Science (journal), suggests that the population expansion of Austronesian peoples was triggered by rising sea levels of the Sunda shelf at the end of the last ice age in a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia.^[24]

About 30,000 years ago, the Negritos settled in the islands. Multiple studies also show that Negritos from Southeast Asia to New Guinea share a closer cranial affinity with Australo-Melanesians.^[25][26] They were the ancestors of such tribes of the Philippines as the Aeta, Agta, Ayta, Ati, Dumagat and other tribes of the Philippines, today making up .03% of the total Philippine population.^[27]

The majority of present day Filipinos are a product of the long process of evolution and movement of people.^[28] After the mass migrations through land bridges, Migrations continue by boat during the maritime era of South East Asia. The Ancient races became homogenized into the Malayo-Polynesians which colonized the majority of the Philippine, Malaysian and Indonesian Archipelagos.^[22].

Since at least the 3rd century, various ethnic groups established several communities. These were formed by the assimilation of various native Philippine kingdoms.^[27] South Asian and East Asian people together with the people of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula, traded with Filipinos and introduced and passed Hinduism and Buddhism to the native tribes of the Philippines. Most of these people stayed in the Philippines where they were slowly absorbed into the local society.

Many of the barangay (tribal municipalities) were, to a varying extent, under the de-jure jurisprudence of one of several neighboring empires, among them the Malay Sri Vijaya, Javanese Majapahit, Brunei, Melaka, Indian Chola, Funan, Champa, and khmer empires, although de-facto had established their own independent system of rule. Trading links with Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Malay Peninsula, Indo-china, China, India, Arabia, Japan and the Ryukyu Kingdom flourished during this era. A thalassocracy had thus emerged based on international trade.

In the period between the 7th to the beginning of the 15th centuries, numerous prosperous centers of trade had emerged, including the Kingdom of Namayan which flourished alongside Manila Bay,^[29][29][30], Cebu, Iloilo,^[31] Butuan, the Kingdom of Sanfotsi situated in Pangasinan, the Kingdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak situated in Pampanga^[32] and Aparri (which specialized in trade with Japan and the Kingdom of Ryukyu in Okinawa).

From the 9th century onwards, a large number of Arab traders from the Middle East settled in the Malay Archipelago and intermarried with the local Malay, Indonesian and Filipino populations.^[33]

Ethnic Chinese sailed down and frequently interacted and even created settlements including CALABARZON region such as Rizal in the northern regions of the Philippines, which carried on trade with the Arab merchants long before the Spanish colonization. This is evidenced by a collection of priceless Chinese artifacts found in the Philippines, dating to the 10th century.

By the 13th century, Arab and Indian Missionaries/Traders from present-day Malaysia and Indonesia brought Islam to the Philippines, where it both replaced and was practiced together with indigenous religions. Most indigenous tribes of the Philippines practiced a mixture of Animism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Native villages, called barangays were populated by locals called Timawa (Middle Class/ freemen) and Alipin (servants & slaves). They were ruled by Rajahs, Datus and Sultans, a class called Maharlika (nobles and royals).^[27]. This tradition continued among the Spanish and Portuguese traders who also intermarried with the local populations.^[34]

European influence:

The arrival of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 began a period of European colonization. During the period of Spanish colonialism beginning in the 16th century, the Philippines was governed by Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire. Early Spanish settlers were mostly explorers, soldiers, government officials and religious missionaries born in Spain and Mexico. Most Spaniards who settled were of Andalusian ancestry but there were also Catalonians, Moorish and Basques descents. The Peninsulares (governors born in Spain), mostly of Castilian ancestry, settled in the islands to govern their territory. Intermarriage between Spaniards and Filipinos occurred, but was not as common as in the Americas. Most settlers married the daughters of rajahs, datus and sultans (chieftains) to reinforce the colonization of the islands, while some married only other Spaniards. Today, there are still a few Filipino families who maintain a pure Spanish or European ancestry. Prehistoric evidence attest that most datus, rajahs and sultans or maharlikas (nobles and royals) in the Philippines prior to the arrival of the Spaniards were of mixed Filipino, Indo-Aryan and Chinese ancestry. They formed the privileged Principalia (nobility) during the Spanish period. In the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population.^[35]

As a part of the Seven years war; the British conquest of the Spanish Philippines occurred between 1762 and 1764, although the only part of the Philippines which was under British control was actually occupied in the Spanish colonial capital of Manila with the principal Spanish naval port Cavite, both of whom are located in Manila Bay. The war was ended by the Treaty of Paris (1763). The treaty signatories were not aware that the Philippines had been taken by the British and was being administered as a British colony. Consequently no specific provision was made for the Philippines. Instead they fell under the general provision that all other lands not otherwise provided for be returned to the Spanish Empire.^[36] Many Indian Sepoy troops and their British captains mutinied and were left in Manila and some parts of the Ilocos and Cagayan. The ones in Manila settled at Cainta, Rizal and the ones at the north settled at Isabela. Most of which assimilated into the local population.

The arrival of the Spaniards to the Philippines attracted new waves of immigrants from China, and maritime trade flourished during the Spanish period. The Spanish recruited thousands of Chinese migrant workers called sangleys to build the colonial infrastructure in the islands. Most Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, intermarried with the locals, and adopted Hispanized names and customs. The children of unions between Filipinos and Chinese were called Mestizos de Sangley or Chinese mestizos, while those between Spaniards and Chinese were called Tornatrás and were classified as blanco or white, together with the mixed-race Filipinos of Spanish descent and pure-blooded Spaniards. The Chinese mestizos were largely confined to the Binondo area. However, they eventually spread all over the islands, and became traders, moneylenders and landowners.

A total of 110 Manila-Acapulco galleons set sail between 1565 to 1815, during the Philippines trade with Mexico. Until 1593, three or more ships would set sail annually from each port. European criollos, mestizos and mulattos of Spanish, Portuguese, French and Mexican descent from the Americas, mostly from Latin America came in contact with the Filipinos. Japanese, Korean and Cambodian Christians who fled from religious persecutions and killing fields also settled in the Philippines during the 17th until the 19th centuries.

With the inauguration of the Suez Canal in 1867, Spain opened the Philippines for international trade. European investors such as British, German, Portuguese, Italian and French were among those who settled in the islands as business increased. More Spaniards arrived during the next century. Many of these European migrants intermarried with local mestizos and some assimilated with the indigenous population. Their enterprises became the precursors of the current Chinese and oriental dominated major corporations and conglomerates of the country.

The name Filipino was derived from king Philip II of Spain, the Spanish name given to the Philippines in the 16th century, by Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos.^[37]

After the defeat of Spain during the Spanish-American War in 1898, Filipino general, Emilio Aguinaldo declared independence on June 12 while general Wesley Merritt became the first American governors of the Philippines. On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Paris formally ended the war, with Spain ceding the Philippines and other colonies to the United States in exchange for $20 million dollars.^[38][39] After the Philippine-American War, the United States civil governance was established in 1901, with William Howard Taft as the first American Governor-General.^[40] A number of Americans settled in the islands and thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since then. Due to the strategic location of the Philippines, as many as 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel were stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898. These bases were decommissioned in 1992 after the end of the Cold War, but left behind thousands of Amerasian children.^[41] The country gained independence from the United States in 1946. The Pearl S. Buck International foundation estimates there are 52,000 Amerasians scattered throughout the Philippines. In addition, numerous Filipino men enlisted in the US Navy and made careers in it, often settling with their families in the United States. Some of their second or third generation-families returned to the country.

Following its independence, the Philippines has seen both small and large-scale immigration into the country, mostly involving Chinese, Americans, British, Europeans, Japanese. After WWII, South Asians continued to migrate into the islands. Most of which assimilated and avoided the local social stigma instilled by the early Spaniards against them by keeping a low profile and/or by trying to pass as Spanish mestizos. A few groups of Vietnamese war refugees during the 1970s were welcomed by the country. More recent migrations into the country by Koreans, Persians, Brazilians and other Southeast Asians have contributed to the enrichment of the country's ethnic landscape, language and culture. Centuries of migration, diaspora, assimilation, and cultural diversity made most Filipinos open-minded in embracing interracial marriage and multiculturalism. Philippine nationality law is currently based upon the principles of your place of birth or origin, and therefore descent from a parent who is a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines is the primary method of acquiring national citizenship. Birth in the Philippines to foreign parents does not in itself confer Philippine citizenship, although RA9139, the Administrative Naturalization Law of 2000, does provide a path for administrative naturalization of certain illegal citizens born in the Philippines.

Together, some of these recent foreign immigrants have intermarried with the Filipinos, as well as with the previous immigrant groups, giving rise to Filipinos of mixed racial and/or ethnic origins also known as mestizos.

Genetic studies

The Philippine Government has never conducted any recent genetic study of great statistical significance about the ancestry of the various Philippine ethnic groups, there have been some studies, based upon very small samples of the population, which provide clues as to their origins. The affordability of DNA testing kits for Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroup verification has spurred the proliferation of public DNA databases such as those hosted by genetic genealogy companies.^[42]

A Stanford University study conducted during 2001 revealed that Haplogroup O3-M122 (labeled as "Haplogroup L" in this study) is the most common Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup found among Filipinos. This particular haplogroup is also predominant among Chinese, Koreans, and Vietnamese. Another haplogroup, Haplogroup O1a-M119 (labeled as "Haplogroup H" in this study), is also found among Filipinos. The rates of Haplogroup O1a are highest among the Taiwanese aborigines, and Chamic-speaking people. Genetic data found among a sampling of Filipinos may indicate some relation to the Ami tribe of Taiwan.^[43]

A 2008 genetic study showed no evidence of a large-scale Taiwanese migration into the Philippine Islands. A study by Leeds University and published in Molecular Biology and Evolution, showed that mitochondrial DNA lineages have been evolving within Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) since modern humans arrived approximately 50,000 years ago. Population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippine Islands into Taiwan within the last 10,000 years.^[44]

A 2002 China Medical University study indicated that some Filipinos shared genetic chromosome that is found among Asian people, such as Taiwanese aborigines, Indonesians, Thais, and Chinese.^[45]

A variety of research study by the University of the Philippines, genetic chromosome were found in Filipinos which are shared by people from different parts of East Asia, and Southeast Asia. The predominant genotype detected was SC, the Southeast Asian genotype.^[46].

Sinodonty and Sundadonty are two patterns, identified by anthropologist Christy Turner, for East Asia, within the "Mongoloid dental complex".^[47] The latter is regarded as having a more generalised, Australoid morphology and having a longer ancestry than its offspring, Sinodonty. He found the Sundadont pattern in the Jōmon of Japan, Taiwanese aborigines, Filipinos, Indonesians, Thais, Borneans, Laotians, and Malaysians, and the Sinodont pattern in the inhabitants of China, Mongolia, eastern Siberia, Native Americans, and the Yayoi. Both of patterns are common among indigenous Filipino tribes. Other dental patterns are also found among City dwellers as a result of mixed racial ancestry.

These indigenous elements in the Filipino's genetic makeup serve as clues to the patterns of migration throughout Philippine prehistory. After the 16th century, of course, the colonial period saw the influx of genetic influence from Europeans. During the above mentioned study conducted by Stanford University Asia-Pacific Research Center, it was stated that 3.6% of the Philippine population has varying degrees of European ancestry from Spanish, and American colonization.^[48]

Languages

Austronesian languages have been spoken in the Philippines for thousands of years with many adopted words from Malay, Polynesian, Sanskrit, Arabic, Mandarin, Mon-Khmer and other Asian languages. Starting in the second half of the 16th century, Spanish was the official language of the country for the more than three centuries that the islands were governed through Mexico City on behalf of the Spanish Empire.

Spanish became the official language of the Philippines among educated Filipinos and Ilustrados in the 19th and early 20th centuries. But significant disagreement exists on the extent of use of Spanish beyond that. In the view of some, "By constrast with the Canaries and America, the Philippines were only superficially hispanized; Spanish became the language only of the ruling class, of civil and judicial administration, and of culture. By the time Spanish rule came to an end, Spanish was the language of approximately 10 per cent of the population".^[49] As a Lingua Franca or creole language of Filipinos, Major languages of the country like Chavacano, Cebuano, Tagalog, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Ilongo, and Ilocano assimilated many different words and expressions from Castillan Spanish.

In sharp contrast, another view is that the ratio of the population which spoke Spanish as their mother tongue in the last decade of Spanish rule was 10% or 14%.^[50] An additional 60% is said to have spoken Spanish as a second language until World War II.^[51] Various sources reported the widespread use of Spanish by the Philippine population, among them the secretary of education during the period of US rule, as well as Henry Ford, who reported what he observed and the Filipino speech that he heard in his travels through the archipelago, sixteen of whose provinces where said to be Spanish-speaking in 1906.^[50]

In 1863 a Spanish decree introduced universal education, creating free public schooling in Spanish.^[52] It was also the language of the Philippine Revolution, and the 1899 Malolos Constitution proclaimed it as the "official language" of the First Philippine Republic. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the overall use of Spanish declined gradually, especially after the 1940s.

According to Ethnologue, there are about 180 languages spoken in the Philippines.^[53] The Constitution of the Philippines designates Filipino (which is based on Tagalog^[54][55]) as the national language and designates both Filipino and English as official languages. Regional languages are designated as auxiliary official languages. The constitution also provides that Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.^[56]

Other major and minor languages in the country include Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon, Waray, Kapampangan, Bicol, Pangasinan, Tausug, Maguindanao, Maranao, Kinaray-a, Chavacano, Spanish, Maguindanao, Maranao, Masbatenyo, Romblomanon, Surigaonon, Tausug, and Yakan. The 28-letter modern Filipino alphabet, adopted in 1987, is the official writing system.^[57]

Diaspora

Filipinos form a minority ethnic group in the Americas, Europe, Oceania,^[58][59] the Middle East and other countries in the world.

Filipinos make up about half of the entire population of the Northern Marianas Islands, an American territory in the North Pacific Ocean, and a large proportion of the populations of Guam, Palau, and the Malaysian state of Sabah.^[59]

See also

• Demographics of the Philippines
• Ethnic groups in the Philippines
• Filipino psychology
• Filipino value system
• List of Filipinos

Publications

• Peter Bellwood (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". Scientific American 265: 88–93. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88. 
• Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James; & Tryon, Darrell (1995). The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. ISBN 0-7315-2132-3. 
• Peter Bellwood (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". Review of Archaeology 18: 39–48. 
• Peter Bellwood & Alicia Sánchez-Mazas (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". Current Anthropology 46 (3): 480–485. doi:10.1086/430018. 
• David Blundell. "Austronesian Disperal". Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology 35: 1–26. 
• Robert Blust (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". Asian Perspectives 20: 46–67. 
• Peter Fuller (2002). "Asia Pacific Research". Reading the Full Picture. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3. Retrieved July 28, 2005. 
• "Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid". http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/. Retrieved July 28, 2005. 
• Malcolm Ross & Andrew Pawley (1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". Annual Review of Anthropology 22: 425–459. doi:10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233. 
• Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 9789711002275. http://books.google.com/?id=bR2XAQAACAAJ. Retrieved 2008-08-05. . ISBN 9789711002268.
• John Edward Terrell (Dec. 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". World Archaeology 36 (4): 586–591. doi:10.1080/0043824042000303764. 
• Zaide, Sonia M. (1999) [1994]. The Philippines: A Unique Nation. All-Nations Publishing. http://books.google.com/?id=otdEGQAACAAJ. 
• ^a ARE - Jose N. Franco Jr (28 April 2007). "Jan-Feb 2007 remittances by Filipinos in Dubai grow 96pc". Khaleej Tomes. http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp?xfile=data/business/2007/April/business_April715.xml&section=business. Retrieved 2007-05-09. .
• ^a AUS - "Year Book Australia, 2007 Contents >> Population >> Country of birth". Australia Bureau of Statistics. 2007. http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/00FB61D4FA7DA54BCA2572360001105C?opendocument. Retrieved 2007-08-08. .
• ^a CAN - "Population by Ethnic Origin". Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada. http://www.asiapacific.ca/data/people/demographics_dataset1_byprov.cfm. Retrieved 2007-05-08. .
• ^a GWM - "Country Profile: Guam - People". CIA Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gq.html#People. Retrieved 2007-05-12. .
• ^a HKG - "Hong Kong Yearbook 2005 - population". Central Statistics Office. 2005. http://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2005/en/fact_01.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
• ^a IRL - "Principal Statistics of Ireland by nationality". http://www.cso.ie/statistics/persclassbynationality2002.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-12. 
• ^a ITA - Lawrence Casiraya. "Microsoft training centers cater to 200,000 OFWs in Italy". Inquirer.net. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/infotech/view_article.php?article_id=80342. Retrieved 2007-08-14. .
• ^a JPN - "Undocumented Filipinos cross the great divide in Japan". Philippines Today. http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=132. Retrieved 2007-05-09. .
• ^a LBN - Maila Ager (August 3, 2006). "'Standby fund’ for OFWS in Lebanon gets House committee nod". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=13250. Retrieved 2007-05-09. .
• ^a NZL - "QuickStats About Culture and Identity". Statistics New Zealand Tatauranga Aotearoa. August 3, 2006. http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para015Master. Retrieved 2007-05-12. .
• ^a ROK - "Secretary Albert Assures Filipinos in Korea of Continued Government Protection for Their Interests". Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. August 3, 2006. http://www.dfa.gov.ph/news/pr/pr2004/may/pr341.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-12. .
• ^a SAU - "International Religious Freedom Report 2005 - Saudi Arabia". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 2005. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51609.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-09. .
• ^a TWN - Alien Workers in Taiwan-Fukien Area by Industry and Nationality (JPG and PDF format), 2006 February, CLA, Taiwan.
• USA
  • ^a1 "Selected Population Profile in the United States - Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination". U.S. Census Bureau. 2005. http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:038;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:038&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-_lang=en. Retrieved 2007-05-09. "Population Group: Filipino alone or in any combination: 2,807,731" .
  • ^b1 "Background Note: Philippines". U.S. Department of State, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs. May 2007. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm. Retrieved 2007-09-02. "There are an estimated four million Americans of Philippine ancestry in the United States, and more than 250,000 American citizens in the Philippines." 

References

• Penny, Ralph; Penny, Ralph John (2002). A history of the Spanish language (22nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521011846. http://books.google.com/?id=ZjcrhyQlFa0C .

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